Abstract

Global Positioning Systems (GPS) are widely used in all fields requiring the collection of geospatial data. GPS receivers are used for the purpose of data collection and navigation in a very large range of fields such as archaeology, botany, business, engineering, epidemiology, fisheries, forestry, geography, geology, and zoology to name only a few. Students conducting basic or applied research in these fields need access to GPS equipment, but the number of receivers available does not meet current need. Furthermore, most of the GPS equipment owned by the University has been purchased for, and is reserved for, particular programs, and there are very few devices available for general student use. In addition, knowledge of the use of this equipment is a valuable asset for students; knowing how to use this technology is a large bonus for graduates embarking on careers in which this technology is used.

Background

The Colleges of Forest Resources (CFR) and Ocean and Fisheries Sciences (COFS) support a large number of undergraduate and graduate students in a wide variety of natural resource management and earth science curricula, such as Forest Management, Wildland Hydrology, Social Science, Fisheries Biology and Management, and Marine Affairs. Degree programs include BA, BS, MS, and PhD. Although originating within CFR and COFS, this proposal is intended to provide benefit to all students at the University who have need for access to GPS equipment. Therefore, rather than describing the particular needs of only CFR and COFS students, I will generalize to include all relevant students.

Currently, many students, both within CFR and COFS as well as within the University as a whole, both undergraduate and graduate, use GPS equipment as a primary means of data collection and field navigation. Accurate and precise location information is critical in a wide variety of disciplines. GPS receivers allow users to obtain and store extremely precise ground coordinates in the field. Typically, GPS units are used to record the location of field study sites, experimental sampling plots, transects, or other features of interest. Any student needing to collect data which are spatial in nature benefits from the convenience, precision, and accuracy of GPS measurement devices. In addition to the basic function of obtaining coordinate location values of ground features, students use GPS units to store information about those features (e.g., number of fledglings in a nest, diameter of trees, soil depth to artifacts, size of salmon redds, building construction method). Other methods of data collection (e.g., estimation of position on paper maps, recording measurements in field notebooks) are both inefficient and outdated. Use of GPS allows students to obtain and record data in an efficient manner. The data obtained in this manner are able stored and transferred digitally, allowing for data backups, sharing, and easy access to computational functionality. GPS units can also be used to navigate to positions whose coordinates are known, but whose relative location is unknown. Students use GPS equipment to quickly find pre-established field sites (this method is far faster than traditional methods using compass and tape measure). However, due to the lack of access to GPS units, many students rely on less accurate and less efficient methods of data collection. Currently, students engaged in research in which GIS is an essential piece of equipment, but who do not have access to this equipment, are left without adequate data. Students fortunate enough to be associated with departments, divisions, or labs which own GPS equipment are few in number compared to the majority of students who do not have access to such equipment.

GPS is a current standard across many different industries, government and regulatory agencies, and NGOs. However, the University falls far short of preparing students for the practical use of this technology.

Benefits

Using GPS equipment dramatically increases the efficiency of data collection or navigation missions, thereby allowing students to obtain more measurements in a given amount of time, or to make more careful measurements, or to use the resulting extra time on better analysis. The increase in accuracy and precision will lead to better scientific results.

Beyond the specific educational and research benefits, students who have learned to use GPS equipment at the University level will be better prepared for using this technology in the working world of business, science, and regulatory agencies. Students who have this experience will be more competitive when searching for employment, and will also be more effective at their work once they are employed.

Student Access

Access to this equipment will be available to all registered students. CFR currently has a computing lab that checks out digital cameras, projectors, and laptops to students for educational and research purposes; the GPS equipment will be managed in the same way. Students will be able to reserve equipment in advance, and to check equipment out for particular times or days. A maximum reasonable checkout time limit will be imposed to provide fair and equal access to all US students. The CFR computing lab is open from 8:00 AM to 8:00 PM on weekdays with limited hours on weekends.

Available Resources

The existing STF-funded computer lab in CFR currently employs a full time classified staff position to maintain the lab space, to assist students, and to manage equipment checkouts. This staff position will also be responsible for checking the GPS equipment in and out.

In conjunction with the purchase of the GPS equipment, a short course on GPS technology and use will be developed by existing faculty within interested University units. The course will be required as a prerequisite for checking out equipment, so that students will be well trained in the care, maintenance, and use of the equipment.

Installation Timeline

Because the equipment is intended for field use, the only space requirement is storage space. Therefore the equipment can be put into use as soon as it is obtained.

Departmental Endorsement

The participating units in the proposal are CFR and COFS. The proposal originates from work being done under the Unit-specific UIF awarded jointly to CFR and COFS (http://www.washington.edu/uif/uif2b/forest.html).

Here are comments from staff and faculty of CFR:

*****************

Date: Sat, 19 Jan 2002 14:25:18 -0800 (PST)
From: Sarah Reichard <reichard@u.washington.edu>
To: Phil Hurvitz <phurvitz@u.washington.edu>
Subject: RE: GPS for students

Hi Phil,

Any student training for a natural resources job today needs experience
with GPS and GIS. Without these skills UW students will be uncompetitive
in the job market. I fully support your application for GPS units for
student use.

Sarah Reichard (professor)

Sarah Reichard, Phone number: (206) 616-5020
University of Washington FAX number: (206) 685-2692
Ecosystem Science Division E-mail: reichard@u.washington.edu
and the Center for Urban Horticulture
Box 354115
Seattle, Washington, 98195

*****************

Date: Sat, 19 Jan 2002 15:01:00 -0800
From: John Marzluff <corvid@u.washington.edu>
To: phurvitz@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Student Tech Fee proposal: GPS (please respond by 1/22 AM)

Phil, I support the purchase of this equipment. It will provide an important
bit of equipment to our students interested in mapping wildlife habitat and
urban environments. John (professor)

*****************

Date: Sat, 19 Jan 2002 15:08:39 -0800
From: Bruce Lippke <blippke@u.washington.edu>
To: phurvitz@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Student Tech Fee proposal: GPS (please respond by 1/22 AM)

I support the STF proposal for purchase of GPS equipment for student use.

Bruce Lippke
Professor and Director, Rural Technology Initiative
College of Forest Resources

*****************
Date: Sat, 19 Jan 2002 16:12:23 -0800
From: Luke Rogers <lwrogers@u.washington.edu>
To: phurvitz@u.washington.edu
Subject: RE: Student Tech Fee proposal: GPS (please respond by 1/22 AM)

To whom it may concern:

I, Luke Rogers, support the use of STF funds to purcahse GPS equipment for
student use. On many occasions, students have enquired about the possibility
of using GPS equipment. Unfortunatly, we have never had adaquate access to
quality GPS equipment. With advances in GPS technology and the growing
pressure on natural resources, GPS is now, more than ever, a necessary tool
for successful resource managment. The purchase of high-quality equipment
with STF funds would ensure student access to this technology.

Sincerely,

-Luke Rogers

Luke Rogers, Rural Technology Initiative
Geographic Information Systems Specialist
College of Forest Resources - Univ. of Washington
Box 352100 | Seattle WA 98195 | Tel:(206)543-7418
lwrogers@u.washington.edu | http://www.ruraltech.org

*****************

Date: Sat, 19 Jan 2002 16:49:04 -0800
From: A. Cahill <acahill@u.washington.edu>
To: phurvitz@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Student Tech Fee proposal: GPS (please respond by 1/22 AM)

Hi Phil,

I, Angie Cahill, support the proposal to use STF money to purchase GPS
equipment for student use.

Angie

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Angie Cahill
SCL Program Coordinator
Center for Urban Horticulture
Box 354115
Seattle, WA 98195-4115
Phone: 206-543-6828
FAX: 206-685-2692
URL: http://depts.washington.edu/mulch/

*****************

Date: Sat, 19 Jan 2002 18:46:04 -0800 (PST)
From: Gordon Bradley <gbradley@u.washington.edu>
To: Phil Hurvitz <phurvitz@u.washington.edu>
Subject: Re: Student Tech Fee proposal: GPS (please respond by 1/22 AM)

Phil,

Thanks so much for taking the initiative on developing the Student
Technology Fee proposal in support of the acquisition of the GPS units
for student use. I personally would find the units particularly useful in
my teaching. Just today I was with my class on an all day field trip
conducting a site analysis for the class project. For this particular
class I borrowed three GPS units from my colleagues in COFS. It would have
been nice to have more units available for the students from our own CFR
inventory. Again your help in this effort is much appreciated.

Gordon Bradley, Professor
Forest Land Use Planning

*****************

Date: Sat, 19 Jan 2002 19:59:20 -0800 (PST)
From: J. Wagar <jawagar@u.washington.edu>
To: Phil Hurvitz <phurvitz@u.washington.edu>
Subject: Re: Student Tech Fee proposal: GPS (please respond by 1/22 AM)

I strongly support purchase of GPS equipment for student use. It is
essential that our students be conversant with the equipment and skilled
in the techniques they will be expected to use in their professional
careers. GPS has become an essential tool for most land and resource
management.

J. Alan Wagar
Research Professor for Urban Forestry and Wildland Recreation
College of Forest Resource
University of Washington

*****************

Date: Sun, 20 Jan 2002 09:49:43 -0800 (PST)
From: Robert A Norheim <norheim@u.washington.edu>
To: Phil Hurvitz <phurvitz@u.washington.edu>
Subject: Re: Student Tech Fee proposal: GPS (please respond by 1/22 AM)

I, Robert Norheim, support the STF proposal for purchase of GPS equipment
for student use.


Robert A. Norheim norheim@u.washington.edu
GIS Analyst http://staff.washington.edu/norheim/
USGS FRESC Cascadia Field Station 206 543-9138
College of Forest Resources 206 543-3254 (Fax)
University of Washington
Seattle, WA 98195-2100

*****************

Date: Sun, 20 Jan 2002 11:08:58 -0800 (PST)
From: sbolton@u.washington.edu
To: Phil Hurvitz <phurvitz@u.washington.edu>
Subject: Re: Student Tech Fee proposal: GPS (please respond by 1/22 AM)

Phil-

I, Susan Bolton, support the purchase of GPS with STF funds for student
use. The ability to become familiar with the use of GPS equipment along
with the value for identifying and recording the location of student
research sites makes this an ideal use of STF funds

Susan Bolton (professor)

*****************

Date: Sun, 20 Jan 2002 16:47:23 -0800 (PST)
From: M. Mckinley <masonm@u.washington.edu>
To: Phil Hurvitz <phurvitz@u.washington.edu>
Subject: Re: Student Tech Fee proposal: GPS (please respond by 1/22 AM)

I fully support the STF proposal for purchase of GPS equipment for student
use. GPS has become an indispensible tool for natural resources
management, and I view this as a very important step towards insuring our
students are technologically competitive.

Mason McKinley
Staff Forester
Pack Experimental Forest
College of Forest Resources

*****************

Date: Sun, 20 Jan 2002 21:44:50 -0800
From: Kevin Zobrist <kzobr@u.washington.edu>
To: phurvitz@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Student Tech Fee proposal: GPS (please respond by 1/22 AM)

Phil, I fully support the STF proposal to purchase GPS units for student
use.

-Kevin Zobrist

*****************

Date: Mon, 21 Jan 2002 08:39:44 -0800 (PST)
From: 'tza' Teresa Alcock <tza@u.washington.edu>
To: Phil Hurvitz <phurvitz@u.washington.edu>
Subject: Re: Student Tech Fee proposal: GPS (please respond by 1/22 AM)

To whom this may concern,

I support the STF proposal for purchase of GPS equipment for student use.
At our remote UW research facility, we depend on the main campus to train
students in the use of technology so they can use our facility to the
maximum benefit of their field research. GPS is an essential technology
tool for professional mapping in natural resources as well as in urban
applications, and the University of Washington should strive to continue
the lead in geographic and geospatial technology education. Students of
geographic and geospatial technology at the University of Washington
should have access to this proven, cutting-edge technology.

Teresa Zena Alcock
Geographic Information Systems Coordinator
University of Washington
Olympic Natural Resources Center
http://www.onrc.washington.edu

*****************

Date: Sat, 19 Jan 2002 15:33:15 -0800 (PST)
From: duane emmons <emmons@u.washington.edu>
To: Phil Hurvitz <phurvitz@u.washington.edu>
Subject: Re: Student Tech Fee proposal: GPS (please respond by 1/22 AM)

I whole-heartedly support the STF proposal for the purchase of 8
mapping-grade GPS receivers for general student use. Access to GPS
receivers in the College is very limited and skill in the use of this
technology, which is required by many employers, is something that
students from every discipline within the college should have.

Duane Emmons
Forest Operations Coordinator
University of Washington
Charles L. Pack Experimental Forest
9010 453rd Street East
Eatonville, WA 98328
Phone (206)685-4485 ext. 212
Fax (360)832-3613

*****************

Date: Mon, 21 Jan 2002 13:43:46 -0800 (PST)
From: charles l. mason <larrym@u.washington.edu>
To: Phil Hurvitz <phurvitz@u.washington.edu>
Subject: Re: Student Tech Fee proposal: GPS (please respond by 1/22 AM)

Phil,
I support the STF proposal for purchase of GPS equipment for
student use. GPS equipment will provide an Excellent technical addition
to student education. Thanks for efforts in this regard.
Larry Mason

*****************

Date: Mon, 21 Jan 2002 19:08:49 -0800 (PST)
From: David Briggs <dbriggs@u.washington.edu>
To: Phil Hurvitz <phurvitz@u.washington.edu>
Subject: Re: Student Tech Fee proposal: GPS (please respond by 1/22 AM)

Phil

I support your request for gps equipment for student use.

Prof. David Briggs

*****************

Date: Mon, 21 Jan 2002 21:26:53 -0800
From: Michelle Trudeau <michtru@u.washington.edu>
To: phurvitz@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Student Tech Fee proposal: GPS (please respond by 1/22 AM)

Phil,

I, Michelle Trudeau, Director of Student Services at the College of Forest
Resources, wholly endorse the STF proposal for purchase of GPS equipment for
student use. I see GPS as one of the current as well as future education
needs for CFR students. Our current courses using this technology are very
well subscribed and students are always seeking ways to keep current with
technology. Any assistance the STF can provide is greatly appreciated.

Warm regards,
Michelle

*****************

Date: Tue, 22 Jan 2002 09:32:32 -0800
From: Doug St. John <stjohnd@u.washington.edu>
To: phurvitz@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Student Tech Fee proposal: GPS (please respond by 1/22 AM)

Phil:

Having extensive experience using GPS systems for forestry applications, I
enthusiastically support your proposal. I would add that today GPS is a crucial
tool to perform field mapping effectively.

Thanks for your efforts.
Doug St. John

*****************

Date: Tue, 22 Jan 2002 10:29:29 -0800
From: John Wott <jwott@u.washington.edu>
To: phurvitz@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Student Tech Fee proposal: GPS (please respond by 1/22 AM)

Hi Phil,
I support the purchase of mapping-grade GPS receivers for general student
use. I already have students who can make use of them. Thanks. John A.
Wott (professor and Arboretum director)

*****************

Date: Tue, 22 Jan 2002 20:22:45 -0800 (PST)
From: David L Peterson <wild@u.washington.edu>
To: Phil Hurvitz <phurvitz@u.washington.edu>
Subject: Re: Student Tech Fee proposal: GPS (please respond by 1/22 AM)

I support the STF proposal for purchase of GPS equipment for student use. This is a critical piece of equipment for forestry, ecology, and all natural resource students and resource managers.

David Peterson

Student Endorsement

A message I sent out to the general CFR student a-mail list:

Do any of you students out there have a need for GPS equipment in your
research? I'm putting together a proposal to the Student Tech Fee
Committee for the purchase of several high-precision GPS units for
student use, and am therefore soliciting student input and testimonials.
If you have an interest in, or a need for, the use of GPS equipment,
please write back to me. The more student input I get, the greater the
chances of success. If access to GPS equipment is important to you,
please take some time out of your busy schedule to write a note.

I anticipate a large and growing need for access to this equipment. The
CFR and UW do not have enough funds to make these units available at the
level at which I forsee, so your input at this time is critical in meeting
current and future equipment needs. Any GPS equipment purchased through
this funding will be available 24/7 dedicated to student research use.
If you don't give your input now, you may find there is no equipment
available when you need it for your research!

Include ideas like:

* have you had adequate access to GPS units for
your research?
* if you have had access, what problems did you have
in securing access that might be mitigated
by CFR having "general student use" equipment?
* how has/could access to these benefit your research?
* why would this be an important asset (i.e., training for
future employment)?
* anything else you can think of


And the responses:

*****************
Date: Tue, 20 Nov 2001 12:06:48 -0800 (PST)
From: Andrew J. Larson <a975764@u.washington.edu>
To: phurvitz@u.washington.edu
Subject: GPS

Phil:

I haven't needed GPS equipment yet for any of my work, but had I known it was
availble I would have incorporated it into my fieldwork. I haven't done any
"research" here, but I have done some field projects for classes where GPS
equipment would have been handy. I am in the process of putting together a
fairly fieldwork intensive seinor project right now and I will have a definite
need for high quality GPS equpiment this summer.

Hope my input helps.

Andrew J. Larson

*****************
Date: Tue, 20 Nov 2001 12:13:09 -0800
From: Matthew Ramsay <matthewramsay1@home.com>
To: phurvitz@u.washington.edu
Subject: GPS

Dear Prof. Hurvitz,
I am writing in enthusiastic support of getting some GPS units for
student research. I have not yet attended your GIS class, but I plan to
next Autumn. I am very interested in using GPS in conjunction with GIS
tools in my Masters Thesis for mapping vegetation communities, and
ecological data. I have already had the need for a GPS for a class
assignment in CFR EHUF 475 Wetland Ecology where a local land agency
wanted a group of students to establish permanent transects across a
wetland and use GPS coordinates to locate the plots so that the
stewardship ecologist could monitor later with a high degree of
accuracy.
Frankly, and it is no fault of yours, Mr. Hurvitz, but to whom it may
concern at CFR, I am surprised we don't already have such equipment!
These two tools together, GIS and GPS, are standard tools of the
workplace and research regarding ecological management. Please acquire
these basic instruments.
Thank you,
Matthew Ramsay

*****************

Date: Tue, 20 Nov 2001 12:27:18 -0800
From: Sean Smukler <ssmukler@u.washington.edu>
To: phurvitz@u.washington.edu
Subject: GPS testimony

Phil,

I have used the GPS units while working on a project down at Pack but
securing that equipment for research at a site in the North Cascades is
prohibitively inconvenient. It would be great to have some precision
units here at CFR.


Sean Smukler
Research Assistant
College of Forest Resources
University of Washington
(206) 685-1673

*****************
From: david william bergendorf <davidwb@u.washington.edu
Subject: Re: Fw: GPS Units available for student use?

I am just now completing my master's thesis. A GPS unit would have been
valuable for my research. Of course my research subjects (Madrone
trees)were in forested areas, so any GPS unit would have to include a
laser gun or other system that could record points under canopy. In
addition the inclusion of coordinates and maps would have made my research
more useful to future researchers. GPS units (as you know) are all a
little different and some training to accompany the use of units would be
required. I am working with Seattle Department of Parks and Rec. right
now and I can tell you that skills in using GPS units are very valuable.
This will be increasingly true in the future.

David Bergendorf
davidwb@u.washington.edu
206-545-3586
Box 354114
The Center for Urban Horticulture
3501 Northeast 41st Street
Seattle, WA 98105

*****************

Date: Tue, 20 Nov 2001 16:56:16 -0800 (PST)
From: Michael R. Kroeger <mrk5@u.washington.edu>
To: phurvitz@u.washington.edu
Cc: mrkroeger@earthlink.net
Subject: GPS units

Hello Phil,

I am a Wildlife Science undergraduate student and wanted to give some input on
your proposal for getting GPS units for student research. I already have a GPS
unit, but it and past ones I've used have been a great help, ranging from
assisting in international park negotiations in Africa to things as mundane as
getting precise locations for field notes and course reports. I never leave
home without it, or at least go on fieldtrips or climbs without it. It is a
valuable practical skill to know. I've used it many times to keep from getting
lost and to retrace my routes when there was no other way to do so. I wish I
had had some exposure to GPS along with map and compass work when I earned my
previous degrees in the late 1980's (Zoology and Psychology). The biggest
problem with my current GPS (a Germin eMap) is I cannot afford the differential
antenna to be able to get very precise readings (within a foot or two). The
best error without it is a circle with a ~20 ft radius i!
n a clearing and in a forest a circle with a ~40 ft radius. This is too much
error to be of use if you need to know the exact location (within a foot or
two) of your trap or are trying to use it to mark the location of traps along a
line, especially if there is a lot of undergrowth. I think it is a great idea
to get them for students to use; they will have to know how to use them when
they graduate.

Thank you,

Michael Kroeger

*****************

Date: Tue, 20 Nov 2001 17:05:49 -0800 (Pacific Standard Time)
From: Mitchell Almaguer-Bay <mabay@u.washington.edu>
To: phurvitz@u.washington.edu
Subject: GPS/tech fee proposal

Phil,

I have not YET had need for GPS units. However, I'm just now a senior, and
I expect that the undergraduate research I am about to pursue will likely
require use of precise and up-to-date equipment.

For example, one field of research I may explore is invasive species in
the urban and suburban matrix. It is highly likely that a GPS system that
can create an accurate data set for GIS analysis will be critical to
meaningful analysis of the threats to conservation and restoration from
invasive species.

Another possible research topic is the function of patchy habitat, such as
urban yards, gardens, parks, and greenspaces, in restoration ecology and
urban ecosystem processes. Again, an accurate GPS system will be integral
to developing cutting edge understanding of this phenomena.

Fundamentally, without UW acquiring state-of-the-art geographical
equipment, it cannot retain a prominent status among state-run,
research-intensive universities.


Mitchell Almaguer-Bay
Center for Urban Horticulture/Envir. Horticulture and Urban Forestry

*****************

Date: Sun, 25 Nov 2001 21:12:51
From: Cedar Louis <cedar_louis@hotmail.com>
To: phurvitz@u.washington.edu
Subject: GPS Units available for student use

Phil,

Thank you for planning ahead for the students.

I plan on using GPS along with GIS in my Master's project on Community
Forestry and would need access to GPS equipment.

I also plan on learning about GPS indepth, which will be an important asset
to have for my future employment in the natural resources arena.

Thanks.
Cedar Louis

CFR MS Graduate Student
205 Winkenwerder.
hugatree@u.washington.edu

*****************

Date: Tue, 27 Nov 2001 21:02:16 -0800 (Pacific Standard Time)
From: Wendy Campbell Wayne <wendyway@u.washington.edu>
To: phurvitz@u.washington.edu
Subject: GPS units

I could definitely use one for my research project.

__\|/__\|/__\|/__\|/__\|/__\|/__
Wendy Campbell Wayne
Grad.Student-Env.Horticulture
University of Washington
Center for Urban Horticulture
Box 354115
Seattle, WA 98195-4115
206-685-7494
wendyway@u.washington.edu
__\|/__\|/__\|/__\|/__\|/__\|/__

*****************

Date: Tue, 20 Nov 2001 19:47:36 -0800 (PST)
From: M. Swanson <markswan@u.washington.edu>
To: Philip M. Hurvitz <phurvitz@u.washington.edu>
Subject: recommendation letter for GPS initiative

To those whom it may concern,

My name is Mark Swanson, and I am a graduate student at the College of Forest Resources in the laboratory of Dr. Jerry F. Franklin. I have used Global Positioning Systems (GPS) technology as long as I have been at the UW (which has been 6 years, counting my undergraduate degree in Forest Management). GPS allows researchers to quickly and easily reference field observations to global coordinate situations, enabling them to perform advanced spatial analyses using technology such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS). There is an increasing need for GPS in forestry, geology, wildlife science, and other natural resource-related fields, as the geographic nature of ecological processes is being recognized by scientists, policy makers, and others. Additionally, employers in the natural resources field are beginning to favor (or even require) familiarity with GPS.

Although our lab is already equipped with GPS, I see an increasing need for GPS availability among many of the other labs at the CFR. Investment in several GPS receiver units is much less costly now than it was 5 years ago, and would be well worth the expenditure in terms of increased student field productivity and increased ability to relate on-the-ground science to landscape dynamics and management.

I gladly pay my Student Technology Fee, as I know that the University of Washington needs to stay on the cutting edge where technology is concerned. In turn, please consider our spatial technology needs in a rapidly changing world!

Thank you,

Mark Swanson

*****************

Items

Below are the items making up the current proposal. The asterisk (*) beside items signify that they were approved by the committee. This however was not implemented correctly for our database before 2005, so earlier years may not show this.

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